X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

• X-Ray Sources: Cu and Mo
• Equipped with high-temperature/pressure reaction chambers for solid state and solid state-gas reactions
• Reaction and/or heat treatment under vacuum, in air or under the flow of gas mixtures having desired composition and pressure

• Chamber 1: Anton Paar XRK 900 — P up to 10 bars, T: from 25°C up to 900°C
• Chamber 2: Anton Paar HPC 900 — P up to 100 bars, T: from 25°C up to 900°C

• Feed block: MFC's, sampling valves and valves, transfer lines
• XRD: Bruker D8 DISCOVER
• Analysis block: Mass spectrometer and switching manifold
• Analysis mode: in situ/operando

(Under vacuum, in air or under the flow of gas mixtures having desired composition):

• Determination of catalyst and support crystal structures and phase transition temperatures
• Determination of average size of dominant crystal structure
• Investigation of intermetallic alloy formation

• Determination of (active) crystal structures of catalysts and support materials, and their changes during catalyst pre-treatment (calcination, reduction) through TPO and TPR under operando conditions; matching crystal transitions with H₂ and O₂ consumption (peaks) during TPR and TPO, respectively
• Determination of changes occurring in crystal structure of the catalysts (and solids) during reaction (or in reactive environments) in response to conditions applied (feed gas mixture composition, temperature, etc.); determination of the effects of these changes on the catalyst's performance (activity, selectivity) under operando conditions
• Determination of phase transition temperatures of solid materials under different environments (gas compositions) and temperature under in situ conditions